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Figure 10. CR-160 Gaussian shaping amplifier evaluation board. Copied from http://www.cremat.com [9].
The CR-160 includes an adjustable low-noise wide-band amplifier having gains adjustable from 0 to 100. Combined with the CR-200-X gain of 10, this allows an overall gain of 0 to 1000. Furthermore, an inverted-polarity signal is available, as well as adjustments for pole-zero correction and DC offset.[9.] In order to calibrate the sensor there is a number of potentiometers: Fine Gain to adjust the gain from 0 to 100; Pole-Zero to adjust the baseline of the output; Offset Adjustment; Signal Polarity;
The whole system has analog nature without any conversion to digital format. A/D conversion is typically happening in PC or various embedded systems. For instance, pulse height analyzer (PHA) is an instrument used in nuclear and elementary particle physics research which accepts electronic pulses of varying heights from particle and event detectors, digitizes the pulse heights, and saves the number of pulses of each height in registers or channels for later spectral analysis.
Last but not least, there is a possibility to read out the radiation signal when multichannel detectors are used using application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC). An example is AGIPD: Adaptive Gain Integrated Pixel detector (Figure 11).
Figure 11. AGIPD detector. Copied from http://indico.cern.ch/event/137337/material/slides/0?contribId=10&sessionId=5
AGIPD detector consists of 64x64 pixels sensor array which is connected to ASIC circuit (Figure 12).
Figure 12. ASIC readout circuit. Copied from http://indico.cern.ch/event/137337/material/slides/0?contribId=10&sessionId=5
Inside the ASIC there are added capacitors which help to minimize the noise. The stored analog value is multiplexed and transferred then to ADCs. After that the signal is proceed to column bus from where it goes to DAQ system. [11.]
Development in Finland
Today there are two big companies which implement CdTe/CZT detectors in Finland.
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Rehak, P. ; Brookhaven Nat. Lab., Upton, NY, USA. Silicon radiation detectors [online]. Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2003 IEEE (Volume:5 ); 19-25 Oct. 2003, 2492-2497.
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.metropolia.fi/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1352629, Accessed 16 March 2014.
Virolainen, T. ; Kamarainen, V. ; Ji, F. ; Garcia, F. ; Orava, R. ; van Remortel, N. ; Santala, M. Silicon radiation detector development at VTT [online]. Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2007. NSS '07. IEEE (Volume:2 ); Oct. 26 2007-Nov. 3 2007, 1494-1497.
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.metropolia.fi/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4437282, Accessed 16 March 2014.
Huhtinen, M. ; Res. Inst. for High Energy Phys., Helsinki, Finland ; Orava, R. ; Pimia, M. ; Tuuva, T. Single sided stereo angle silicon strip detector [online]. Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:40 , Issue: 4 ); Aug 1993, 227-229.
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.metropolia.fi/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=256575, Accessed 16 March 2014.
- Yossi Eisen, Asher Shor, Israel Mardor (2004) CdTe and CdZnTe X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detectors for Imaging Systems. IEEE transactions on nuclear science; June 2004, Val. 51, No. 3.
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.metropolia.fi/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1312040&tag=1, Accessed 17 March 2014.
- Tom Schulman (2006) Si, CdTe and CdZnTe radiation detectors for imaging applications. University of Helsinki, Finland; June 19, 2006.
- AJAT Ltd. official webpage
URL: http://www.ajat.fi/, Accessed 17 March 2014.
- Detection Technology Oy official webpage
URL: http://www.deetee.com/en_US/home.html, Accessed 5 April 2014.
- Marubun Corporation official webpage
URL: http://www.marubun.co.jp/product/measurement/sensor/8ids6e000000k1lh-att/X100-7SMD.pdf, Accessed 5 April 2014.
- Cremat Inc. official webpage
URL: http://www.cremat.com/ , Accessed 10 April 2014.
- Jacob Fraden–3rd ed. Handbook of modern sensors : physics, designs, and applications. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., USA; 2004
- Integrated Digital conference Official website. International Workshop on Semiconductor Pixel Detectors for Particles and Imaging. Hotel Listel Inawashiro, Inawashiro, Japan; 2-9 Spt. 2012.
URL: http://indico.cern.ch/event/137337/material/slides/0?contribId=10&sessionId=5