Optical discs used originally for storing and playback sound tracks but is developed later to store data, rewrite-ability and much more features, and is the basic and popular form of data storage even when memory sticks or external hard drive are developed strongly. We will have a look at 3 most popular type: CD, DVD and Blu-ray Disc
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Physical Detail
A standard disc is 1.2mm thick, 15-20grams in weight, diameter of 120mm. It consists of 4 layers as stated from the figure: a polycarbonate layer that contain data, aluminum or gold layer for reflective purpose, film/lacquer layer to provide protection to previous important parts and the most outer layer used for label printing
From the center outward, components are: the center spindle hole (15 mm), the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program (data) area, and the rim
Data is represented as tiny indentations known as "pits", encoded in a spiral track moulded into the top of the polycarbonate layer. The areas between pits are known as "lands"
CD
The elongated bumps that make up the track are each 0.5 µm wide, a minimum of 0.83 µm long and 125 nm high. They look something like this: 
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The incredibly small dimensions of the bumps make the spiral track on a CD extremely long. If you could lift the data track off a CD and stretch it out into a straight line, it would be 0.5 microns wide and 5 km long
DVD
Each writable layer of a DVD has a spiral track of data. On single-layer DVDs, the track always circles from the inside of the disc to the outside. One track is just 740 nanometers seperate from the next.the elongated bumps that make up the track are each 320 nanometers wide, a minimum of 400 nanometers long and 120 nanometers high.
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The microscopic dimensions of the bumps make the spiral track on a DVD extremely long. If you could lift the data track off a single layer of a DVD, and stretch it out into a straight line, it would be almost 7.5 miles long! That means that a double-sided, double-layer DVD would have 30 miles (48 km) of data!
DVD Video
When movies are put onto DVDs, they are encoded in MPEG-2 format and then stored on the disc. This compression format is a widely accepted international standard. Your DVD player contains an MPEG-2 decoder, which can uncompress this data as quickly as you can watch it.
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- Up to 133 minutes of high-resolution video, in letterbox or pan-and-scan format, with 720 dots of horizontal resolution (The video compression ratio is typically 40:1 using MPEG-2 compression.)
- Soundtrack presented in up to eight languages using 5.1 channel Dolby digital surround sound
- Subtitles in up to 32 language
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DVD Audio
DVD audio recordings can provide far better sound quality than CDs. The chart below lists the sampling rate and accuracy for CD recordings and the maximum sampling rate and accuracy for DVD recordings. CDs can hold 74 minutes of music. DVD audio discs can hold 74 minutes of music at their highest quality level, 192kHz/24-bit audio. By lowering either the sampling rate or the accuracy, DVDs can be made to hold more music. A DVD audio disc can store up to two hours of 6-channel, better than CD quality, 96kHz/24-bit music.
BLURAY
How optical discs are read
The common principle for optical discs is the reflection of laser in interaction with the polycarbonate data surface. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photo-diode, the data can be read from the disc. 
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