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One common application of nuclear magnetic resonance is NMR spectroscopy. Physicists and chemists study the NMR spectrum produced by a sample of material and deduce the properties of the nuclei in the sample. This tells them what elements are in the sample.
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*Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance
* !oie_10185144jGBazCQd.png|border=1! Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detects the presence of hydrogens (protons) by subjecting them to a large magnetic field to partially polarize the nuclear spins, then exciting the spins with properly tuned radio frequency (RF) radiation, and then detecting weak radio frequency radiation from them as they "relax" from this magnetic interaction. The frequency of this proton "signal" is proportional to the magnetic field to which they are subjected during this relaxation process. In MRI, an image of a cross-section of tissue can be made by producing a well-calibrated magnetic field gradient across the tissue so that a certain value of magnetic field can be associated with a given location in the tissue. Since the proton signal frequency is proportional to that magnetic field, a given proton signal frequency can be assigned to a location in the tissue. This provides the information to map the tissue in terms of the protons present there. Since the proton density varies with the type of tissue, a certain amount of contrast is achieved to image the organs and other tissue variations in the subject tissue. |
The hydrogen spin-flip frequency is the same for all parts of the sample. Once excited by the RF signal, the hydrogens will tend to return to their lower state in a process called "relaxation" and will re-emit RF radiation at their Larmor frequency. This signal is detected as a function of time, and then is converted to signal strength as a function of frequency by means of a Fourier transformation. Since the protons in each of the active areas of the sample are subjected to the same magnetic field, they will produce the same frequency of radiation and the Fourier transform of the detected signal will have only one peak. This one peak demonstrates the presence of hydrogen atoms, but gives no information to locate them in the sample. |
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Information about the location of the hydrogen atoms can be obtained by adding a calibrated gradient field across the region of the sample. With an increasing magnetic field as you move to the right across the sample, the spin-flip energy and therefore the frequency of the emitted signal increases from left to right. When excited by an RF transmitter, the emitted signal contains different frequencies for the two proton concentration areas. These frequencies can be separated by means of the Fourier transform and the example gives two different regions of frequency for the two sample areas. This is the beginning of the process of locating the hydrogen atoms.\[4\] |
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